Clinical Laboratory investigation of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome of fattening pigs in Kathmandu valley due to moldy swill feed
Clinical Laboratory investigation of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome of fattening pigs in Kathmandu valley due to moldy swill feed.
Dr.Kedar Karki, Central Veterinary Laboratory Tripureswor Kathmandu
Abstract
An abrupt mortality of pigs mostly age group of three to four month age in Kathmandu valley in month of April to June 2010 was reported .Clinical history as reported by owners’ revealed limited info sudden death of one or numerous pigs within three months. In all farm death was linked with Hotel restaurant waste left over feeding was widespread. Considerably far more circumstances of HBS had been observed in the course of spring and early summer. Many yeasts and mould Penicillium was detected in mucosal impression smears tissue of ileum, colon and caecum. Additional analyses in farms suffering from huge losses due to HBS suggested that a number of environmental and management aspects could be involved. Pathogenetically feeding only when a day of excessive amounts of a liquid diet plan particularly swells a highly fermentable substrate, poor hygiene of liquid diets high bacterial counts and yeast concentrations. In mixed breeding and fattening units, the aforementioned elements could be responsible also for sudden deaths in dry sows caused by colonic bloat usually related with intestinal rupture and torsions of the stomach and/or the spleen. When rest of herds had been treated with toxin binder Varishta and Albmd mixed in identical feed along with probiotic Lactoline and Chlortetra cycline in water for seven there was check in mortality.
Key words:
Swill feeding, pigs, Hemmorrhagic Bowel syndrome, Penicillium, Varishta, Lactoline,Albmd, Kathmandu.
Background:
An outbreak of disease affecting pigs raised in around Kathmandu valley mostly age group of 3 to 4 month of age in the month of April to June 2010 was reported. A total death of 346 pigs in herd of 1056 were reported. Pigs on affected styes had been mostly fed with stale leftover from hotel ,restaurants mostly consisting of rice, meat, fish,vegetables,all cooked in heavey oils and left over deaserts.Pigs mostly age groups following consuming such (swills) Kitchen waste garbage began showing symptoms like diarrhorea, swaying gate movement which were usually treated with antibiotics without recovery were investigated.
Material and Techniques:
Clinical and post-mortem examination of Herds:
Clinical history as reported by owners revealed limited details sudden death of one or several pigs inside 3 months, association with Hotel restaurant waste left over feeding was widespread. The pig to die was in excellent condition but extremely pale. Its blood was thin and watery. Considerably more circumstances of HBS was seen in the course of spring and early summer. An affected pig was usually 1 of the finest-performing pigs, discovered dead without having warning. The pig use to become bloated after death with unusual speed, and intestines filled with gas and blood wad observed at necropsy. The small intestine contained bile-stained mucus to the level of mid-ileum where hemorrhage began and became gradually more copious with large blood clots in the terminal ileum. The ileal mucosa was thickened and irregular due to corrugations involving the whole circumference and oriented in both transverse and longitudinal planes. The large intestine contained a wonderful deal of clotted blood which appeared to have been passed from the ileum. The terminal jejunum and whole ileum had thick corrugated mucosae and huge intraluminal blood clots. Cecum. colon and rectum contained dark, tarry blood which was comparable to report of W. D. G. Yates, E. G. Clark, A. D. Osborne, C. C. Enweani, O. M. Radostits, and A. Theede.The condition has no definitive lesions, and the stomach can frequently be filled with feed was similar reported in alpharmaswine.com/…/HMBS_enteric.html, www.ces.purdue.edu/…/gigf.htm. Necropsy revealed that the whole intestinal tract has a severely congested, thin-walled appearance. Intestinal contents are usually watery and contain unclotted brownish blood. The condition need to be differentiated from gastric ulcers, gastrointestinal torsion or volvulus, and from the hemorrhagic form of proliferative enteritis was comparable to earlier reported in vetmed.iastate.edu/…/miscellaneous-lesions –
Laboratory examination of, feed sample, and post-mortem tissue samples
Samples of Swills of various lots and post-mortem tissue samples in mycobioal culture media revealed the growth of penicillum spp, which was comparable to the obtaining of comparable to the findings of Karki et.al.2008.
Treatment and prevention.
Based on clinical observation, history all the pigs in affected styes had been treated with toxin binder Varishta mixed in swell, and Lactoline and Chlortetracycline antibiotic in feed for 7 to 15 days the condition subsided subsequently.
Review of literatures:
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome has been reported from the United Kingdom, United States, Taiwan, Australia and Europe. Reports from other countries indicate that cases happen elsewhere. The condition is nicely identified to veterinary pathologists in Canada but has not been formally reported. The suggested causes for the unexplained hemorrhagic enteropathies observed in swine have been numerous. including hypersensitivitv reactions to Escherichia coli antigens or to whey proteins, clostridial or coliform enterotoxemias. mycotoxins. Vitamin E deficiency. mesenteric torsion, indigestion leading to gaseous distension and shock ,genetic predisposition and or clotting defects and anxiety . In the certain case of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome , nonetheless, the strongest correlation is discovered with the presence of the bacterium Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mu(cosalis in affected areas. There has been some success in reproducing the condition experimentally, making use of intragastric administration of this organism and homogenized intestinal mucosa from pigs with adenomatosis (W. D. G. Yates, E. G. Clark, A. D. Osborne, C. C. Enweani, O. M. Radostits, and A. Theede). Some call it the stealth bomber of swine disease. It strikes suddenly, without warning. It kills speedily, frequently taking the greatest pigs. And it often leaves the producer questioning what struck his herd–and why www.thepigsite.com/…/hemorrhagic-bowel-syndrome-is-39stealth-bomber39-of-swine-diseases. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is an unpredictable medical condition of swine. Its significant trigger is unknown but is most likely a combination of numerous issues, which includes genetic predisposition, irregular diets or feeding schedules, and high summer temperatures. HBS most typically occurs in finisher/market pigs over 160 lb, so the economic expenses of HBS can be extremely high with even a couple of affected pigs even although mortality is typically around 2%. An affected pig is generally one of the finest-performing pigs, discovered dead without warning. The hog could turn out to be bloated following death with unusual speed, and intestines filled with gas and blood may possibly be observed at necropsy. The condition has no definitive lesions, and the stomach can typically be filled with feed. Outbreaks may possibly last 7 to 10 days, usually coming in waves in which many pigs are affected and then the herd appears healthy until the next wave. alpharmaswine.com/…/HMBS_enteric.html. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome Pigs weigh >150 pounds Similar to bloody form of proliferative ileitis. Stool might be dark, tar-like, or bloody. Severe bleeding into the intestine which may result in sudden death. Blood filled loops of small intestine. Thinning of small intestinal wall with no proliferation of intestinal cells. www.ces.purdue.edu/…/gigf.htm.Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) causes the sudden death of four-6 month-old fattening pigs (70-120kg). Usually, there is no clinical or pathological previous history, and no warning signs that could alert the farmer. In most of the circumstances, the weight and well being conditions of the affected animals are perfectly normal. As a result, the diagnosis of HBS is mainly carried out post-mortem. HBS can account for up to 1-third of total fattening mortality. www.thepigsite.com/…/understanding-and-managing-sudden-death-in-fattening-pigs-throughout-summ.. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is such defined due to the low prevalence and inability to target one specific illness process or organism as the contributor to the syndrome. www.thepigsite.com/…/pig…/will-nutrition-and-management-stop-hemorrhagic-bowel-syndrome.
Conclusion and Recommendation:
From all above discovering and observation it is concluded that when ever there is climate adjustments from cooler season to hotter humid summer in tropics there is likely increase in fermentation in swell which mostly contains grains, heavy fat and protein in hotel and restaurant waste which is frequent practices to feed pigs. Further humid and hot weather condition favors the mold growth and putrification leading to formation of mycotoxin and endotoxin which detrimental to livestock, poultry and pig. If these feed are fed untreated there is likely loss of these animal require to be looked into.
Refferences:
Häni H, Zimmermann W, Huber A, Schmidt J The “hemorrhagic bowel syndrome” of swine: clinical, pathologo-anatomic and etiopathogenic aspects.Institut für Tierpathologie, Universität Bern. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1993135(four):117-24. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8506473
Understanding and Managing Sudden Death in Fattening Pigs DuringSummer:www.thepigsite.com/…/understanding-and-managing-sudden-death-in-fattening-pigs-in the course of-summ…
William L. Hollis, B.S., D.V.M., Carthage A Veterinarian’s Perspective Will Nutrition and Management Quit Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome? Veterinary Service, Ltd. Professional Swine Management, LLC, IL, USA and published in the Midwest Swine Nutrition Conference 2006. www.thepigsite.com/…/pig…/will-nutrition-and-management-stop-hemorrhagic-bowel-syndrome.
W. D. G. Yates, E. G. Clark, A. D. Osborne, C. C. Enweani, O. M. Radostits, and A. Theede Can Vet J. 1979 October 20(10): 261–268. PMCID: PMC1789606 Proliferative Hemorrhagic Enteropathy in Swine: An Outbreak and Review of the Literature: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › Journal List › Can Vet J › v.20(10) Oct 1979
Miscellaneous Lesions, Conditions, and Syndromes | Iowa State … vetmed.iastate.edu/…/miscellaneous-lesions –
Hemorrhagic bowelAlpharma:alpharmaswine.com/…/HMBS_enteric.html
Growing/Finishing Diarrheal Diseases:www.ces.purdue.edu/…/gigf.htm
Kedar Karki and Purnima Manandhar: ClinicalEpidemiologicalInvestigation of Mouldy Corn Poisoning due to Penicillium spp. in mules at Udayapur District, Nepal: Veterinary World pp 107-110 vol. 1 no. four April 2oo8
Acknowledgment:
We would like to thank Dr.Ram Krishna Khatiwada Program Director of Directorate of Animal Wellness Tripureswor Kathmandu for providining early indication of issue. Thanks are due to Mr. Bal Bahadur Kunwar Mr. Tek Bahadur Air Senior Vet. Technician and Mr.Bhimsen Adhikari Vet. Technician of Microbioly Unit, Mr. Purna Maharajan Vet Technician of Central Veterinary Laboratory for doing the microbiology and post-mortem works and office assistant Mr. Chandra Bahadur Rana for his tireless effort in handling the carcass during post-mortem function.
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