Clinical-Laboratory Investigation of Moldy gram poisoning in mule herd in Bajura District of Nepal
Clinical-Laboratory Investigation of Moldy gram poisoning in mule herd in Bajura District of Nepal.
Dr Kedar Karki Senior Veterinary Officer Central Veterinary Laboratory Tripureswor.
Dr.Ram Narayan Mandal Livestock Development officer DSLO Bajura Nepal
Abstract:
An clinical epidemiological investigation of Acute sudden death syndrome due to which 22 mules from a herd of 1400 died within the period of 0ctober to November 2009 in Bajura District Nepal. These animals had been becoming utilised for great transportation work in hilly region of Nepal. On rout these animals had been being fed only whole grame.Generally healthy searching animals started dying suddenly. Initially suspected for acute bacterial disease and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and vaccinated with bacterial vaccine.On close observation of herd their feed stuff revealed grains fed to these animal during rainy season was discovered 55-60% moldy in appearance. On Postmortem examination acute severe congestion and hemorrhages in liver, lung, spleen heart, and intestinal mucosa had been discovered. While lesions in the cerebral cortex was discovered from none to multifocal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, to the presence of significant cavitations of liquefactive necrosis Histopathological examination of tissue from these organs revealed infiltration of mononuclear cell in tissue indicative of chronic nature of condition.Continous use of apparently 55-60% moldy grain (gram) was utilized as feed. On laboratory analysis of sample of same grain was discovered to be containing 22.00000 – 83.00000 CFU/gm of Penicillium spp of fungus. When remaining herd still using identical feed treated with Antidegnala loquor toxin binder ( varishta), liver tonic like hepatocare, and immunocare controlled the mortality could be indicative of the illness syndrome being caused by moldy corn poisoning similar to condition Equine Encephalomalacia.Laboratory findings and response of treatment indicates that in the course of rainy season and right away following rainy season feeding of stored grains are going to be detrimental to equine species. Throughout this period care should be taken to feeding grains to this animal if treated with any toxin binder as nicely as herbal immunomodulater is going to reduce the chances of occurring this syndrome.
Key word:
Equinelukoencephalomalcia, moldy gram poisoning,hepatocare,Varishta,Antidegnala liquor,immunocare,mule Bajura,Nepal, penicillium, CFU.
Background:
In Barjugad of Bajura District of Far western region of Nepal in month of October –November 2009 mules from herd of 1400 stared dying suddenly showing symptoms like excessive sweating, trembling and lying down on the ground. In a period of 1 month in weekly interval death of 5-6 mules was reported which did not responded the antibiotic and other supportive therapy. Following obtaining a thorough history and completing a physical examination No disease-related gross lesions were present in the rest of mule in the herd. it was discovered that the mules were being fed cracked and moldy gram and rice hauls that was becoming scooped up from sacs piled in nearby warehouse. The mortality in mule herd in this region in very same season was reported in year 2006 2007 and 2008 with mortality recorded as 3, 6, 33,no even though this year total 22 death of mule was recorded.Post-mortem examination of death Mule revealed severe congestion of liver, lung,speen, heart,serosangqinus fluid in thoracic cavity.Haemorrhage in stomach mucosa. At necropsy, lesions in the cerebral cortex was found from none to multifocal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, to the presence of significant cavitations of liquefactive necrosis.For bacteriological culture blood.Liver, lung, spleen, heart brain tissue were collected in ice and for histopathological examination very same tissues were collected in formaline.Blood Fecal samples for endoparasite examination.Feedgrains:Maize,Grame for mycological culture identification,quantitification had been collected.Mules in herds were treated with 2% 5ml Antidegnala liquor S/C and followed by 2ml orally for five days toxinbinder Varishta 10g/100kg feed grain, Hepatocare liquid, immunomodulator immunocare liquid for 10-15 days , as treatment and preventive measure.No further mortality in the herd was reported.
Result and Discussion:
Bacteriological culture of tissue specimen, blood: revealed no growth of any bacteria.Fecal examination revealed the Mixed Strongyels spp.
Penicillium, spp on mycological media.22.00000 CFU/gm mold colonies recorded in rice haul feed samples and 83.00000CFU/gm mold colonies in gram feed sample was recorded.Histopathological changes revealed fatty degeneration of hepatocytes.Mononuclear cells infiltration in the form of couple of nodules in liver. Perivascular cuffing. Infiltration of mononuclear cells in the form of nodules in lungs. Deep medullary region reveals infiltration of mononuclear cells in kidney.
The number of white cells seems to be increased in the area of white pulp in spleen. There were multifocal areas of liquefactive necrosis within the cerebral cortex with infiltration of macrophages. As approximately 55-60% moldy gram infestated with Penicillium spp becoming fed often to these herd.Intermitent but acute sudden death in the course of post rainy season suggest the death due to fungal toxin. Dr. Steve Hooser and Dr. Duane Murphy 2003 reported histopathological modifications in the tissue of lung ,liver, kidney brain a center of necrosis with no recognizable structure will be observed in moldy corn poisoning in horse . The transition between regular and necrotic tissue will often show hemorrhage, edema, congested blood vessels and neuronophagia. In animals with the hepatotoxic syndrome, livers will be swollen and a diffuse yellow-brown color. Irregular nodules and pale foci can be seen in hepatic parenchyma. Karki 2003 reported the pathogenicity of Fusarium revealed that it causes hepatic congestion with mild triaditis, pulmonary congestion, and splenic lymphoid hyperplasia.Further far more a positive response to treatment with toxinbinder, adaptogen,immunomdulater further confirm the sudden death was due to moldy corn poisoning. Further monitoring of discovering of this investigation is suggested.
Conclusion:
Findings of this investigation indicates that moldy feed grains and ingredients are infested with toxic fungus is emerging as a new wellness hazard for livestock and poultry.Simultonious use of toxinbinder,adaptogen like livertonic,mineralmixture and Immunomodulaters drugs promises to support in minimizing health risk in livestock and poultry production really should be looked into.
References:
1:MOLDY CORN POISONING HORSES:(Equine Leukoencephalomalacia Mark Russell, PhD, Department of Animal Sciences Don Scott, PhD, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology William Hope, DVM, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Cooperative Extension Service Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 , BOLETIM TÉCNICO No. 15 – http://www.micotoxinas.com.br/ Retrieved on 21/12/2009
2:FINAL DIAGNOSIS -Moldy Corn Poisoning (Equine Leukoencephalomalacia, Fumonisin Toxicity) in Horses : Dr. Steve Hooser, ADDL Toxicologist Dr. Duane Murphy, ADDL Pathologist Spring 2003 Newsletter http//www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/2003/Spring/finaldx.shtml. Retrieved on 21/12/2009
three:Prevent mycotoxin’s harmful effects from impacting your horse’s health and performance.Mycotoxins in Equine Feed,: By Trevor K. Smith, PhD, PAg www.ecmagazine.net/…/mycotoxin2.jpg Retrieved on 21/12/2009
4:Grain Molds and Mycotoxins in Corn: Jim Stack, Extension Investigation Plant Pathologist Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture.http://cbc.homestead.com/Archives.html, Retrieved on 21/12/2009
6:Varishta:www.varshagroup.com
7:Pathogenecity Assessment of Fusarium graminearum in Mice. Kedar B.Karki:pp14,Vetcon 2003, 7th national veterinary conference 2003,Nepal Veterinary Association.
Acknowledgement:
We would like to acknowledge Dr.Damodar Sedai Chief Veterinary Officer,Dr.Salina Manandhar, Dr.Krishna Raj Panday Dr.Pragya Koirala Veterinary Officer and all laboratory technician for their contribution in Laboratory function and investigation function.
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